Volume 16, Issue 1, March 2025

The Impossible Trilemma Revisited? A State-of-the-Art Review of Access Control Optimization for Authentication, Non-Repudiation, and Anonymity

Zeeshan Rafique, Muhammad Madni

Institute of Data Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

Abstract- The increasing reliance on decentralized and interconnected systems in domains such as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), vehicular networks, and smart cities necessitate access control mechanisms that not only authenticate entities but also ensure accountability and preserve user privacy. However, authentication, non-repudiation, and anonymity simultaneously remains a fundamental challenge in access control design. This paper presents a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art techniques and protocols developed to address this challenge. We evaluate classical models such as Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC), and Mandatory Access Control (MAC), and analyze the limitations of centralized architectures in dynamic environments. Furthermore, we explore recent developments such as blockchain-based access control, certificateless signatures, decentralized identifiers, and privacy-preserving cryptographic primitives including zero-knowledge proofs. Through systematic comparison and taxonomy-based classification, we highlight research gaps, evaluate trade-offs, and propose future directions for scalable, secure, and privacy-aware access control systems in emerging digital ecosystems.

Keywords- Internet of Things-IoT, CoAP, 6LoWPAN, Edge Computing and AI Integration

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IoT Uncovered: Protocols, Models, Functions, and the Road Ahead

Kung Yi, Lea Yue

Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CS&IT), Korea

Abstract- The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative paradigm, enabling the interconnection of devices, systems, and services across diverse domains. This paper presents a comprehensive examination of the IoT ecosystem, focusing on communication protocols, architectural models, functional roles, and system objectives. Key enabling technologies such as MQTT, CoAP, and 6LoWPAN are analyzed in the context of IoT-specific requirements like low power consumption and interoperability. The study also explores reference models including the three-layer and five-layer architectures, identifying the functional roles of devices within these frameworks. Finally, emerging trends and future directions—such as edge computing, AI integration, and IoT security challenges—are discussed to offer a forward-looking perspective on the evolution of IoT systems.

Keywords- Internet of Things-IoT, CoAP, 6LoWPAN, Edge Computing and AI Integration

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Early Detection and Intervention in Cardiovascular Diseases Using IoT: A Review

Laiba Abbas, M. Junaid

Institute of Data Science (IDS), University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore-54770, Pakistan

Abstract- The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare has initiated innovative solutions for real-time cardiovascular monitoring, enabling continuous tracking of physiological parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. This review observes the latest developments in IoT-based technologies with machine learning techniques for early detection , prediction and prevention in CVDs, considering their efficiency, challenges, and future prospects. A systematic analysis of recent literature is conducted to discover IoT-driven wearable devices, cloud-based monitoring, and machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced predictive analytics. Key limitation such as data security, interoperability, and computational constraints are identified, alongside with possible improvement in the accuracy and reliability of these systems. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the role of IoT in developing cardiovascular disease management and guiding future research toward more robust and accessible healthcare solutions.

Keywords- Artificial Intelligence, Cardiovascular Diseases, Early Detection, Healthcare Technology, Internet of Things, Wearable Devices, Predictive Analytics and Remote Patient Monitoring

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IoT-Based Smart Agriculture Systems for Sustainable Farming: A Review

Aakash Ahmad, Junaid Arshad

University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore

Abstract- The applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) in farming have transformed conventional farming techniques with improved efficiency, sustainability, and productivity. The review compiles contemporary progress of IoT-enabled farming involving intelligent irrigation, automated weather forecasts, pest control, and carbon reduction. Innovations such as cloud technology, machine learning, and wireless sensor networks are reviewed. The review further addresses upcoming trends of using IoT-powered smart farming schemes for sustainable farming in meeting the needs of the increasing population.

Keywords- Internet of Things (IoT), MQTT Protocol, Sensors, Smart Farming, WiFi and Wireless Communication

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Wireless Communication in IoT and Emergency Response: Innovations and Future Trends

Tahniyat Javaid

Institute of Data Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

Abstract- Wireless communication is essential for staying connected during disasters, supporting smart devices (IoT), and increasing internet access. Yet, problems like network traffic jams, high energy use, and security risks remain. This review looks at key advances in wireless communication focusing on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs), Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs), and the Internet of Emergency Services (IoES). We examine methods like optimization algorithms and AI use, as well as their limits, including high energy needs and lack of real- world testing. Future work should improve security, create energy-efficient systems, use AI more, and test systems in real situations to build stronger communication networks.

Keywords- Wireless Communication, IoT, Emergency Response, Wireless Mesh Networks, MANET, FANET, AI Integration and Optimization

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